The term arab winter refers to the events across arab league countries in the mideast and north africa, including the syrian civil war, the iraqi insurgency and the following civil war, the egyptian crisis, the. In 2011 a wave of prodemocracy protests known as the arab spring spread across the arab world. Causes of the arab spring causes of the arab spring may be described as following. All the countries involved in the arab spring had authoritarian regimes, many of which had been in power for decades. The arab winter is a term for the resurgence of authoritarianism, absolute monarchies and islamic extremism evolving in the aftermath of the arab spring protests in arab countries.
Its uprising also became one of the most consequential. In yemen prodemocracy activists and members of the opposition staged protests. It has given us hope and it has brought us together to demand our rights. This pdf document is a list of the arabic materials that are available at the university of illinois in regards to yemens role in the arab spring. During the arab spring the number of users of social networks, especially facebook, rose dramatically in most arab countries, particularly in those where political uprising took place, with the exception of libya, which at the time had low internet access preventing people from doing so. Yemen became one of the first countries to experience the protests. Uprisings occurred in states regardless of their levels of internet usage, with some states with high levels of internet usage such as bahrain, with 88% of its population online in 2011 experiencing.
Yemen arab spring libguides at university of illinois at. The youth of yemen in the arab spring the revolution is driven by the youth, says hend nasiri, a 21yearold human rights activist from yemen. Yemen, sudan and syria not forgetting israelpalestine. Pdf yemen, the poorest and most populous country on the arabian peninsula, has long been a prime candidate to join the failed state club. A bumpy road ahead pdf by hassan hakimian, director of the london middle east institute and reader, economics department, soas underscores the underlying importance of the economic conditions facing the new republics, such as egypt and tunisia, which are emerging as a result of the arab spring. A proper application of the arab springthe republic of. The differential impact of womens participation in the arab spring social media, information technology, group identities, egypt, yemen, bahrain, barriers to. It is remarkably difficult to accurately explain the course of events in egypt, yemen, or libya without reference to saudi arabia, the united arab emirates, qatar, or iran.
In february 2012, yemens revolutionary movement achieved its first victory. As other postarab spring transitions have faltered, yemen has so far defied expectations, moving from the brink of civil war to a managed transition process, under international mediation, that has largely remained on track. In early 2011 a wave of prodemocracy protests swept the middle east and north africa, unseating leaders in tunisia and egypt and leading to sustained unrest in other countries, including libya, syria, and bahrain. Marxist circles and parties set up in the arab world with moscows help had little influence, and local liberation movements did not depend on the bolsheviks.
Keywords united nations, human rights, military intervention, peace restoration, arab countries, democracy. Yemen is not like the other arab uprisings the new republic. The arab uprisings and international relations theory. There is a tinge of artificiality in the seeking to sculpture a heroine out of tawakul in yemens arab spring as well as manufacturing consensus around her newly. Yemens arab spring democratic opening or regime maintenance. I dont need to explain the significance of the arab spring to this audience. However, the cooption of the movement by yemens key powerbrokers, regional insurgencies and daunting economic challenges. Impact of the arab uprisings the arab spring reached yemen in february 2011. Pdf yemens arab spring democratic opening or regime. Search strategies this list of keywords and phrases will allow you to hone your search for materials on yemen during the arab spring. The yemeni revolution, and also known as the yemeni revolution of dignity followed the initial stages of the tunisian revolution and occurred simultaneously with the egyptian revolution of 2011 and other arab spring protests in the middle east and north africa. Yemen, libya, and tunisia after the arab spring yemen. Since february 2011, the huthi movement has played an important though largely overlooked role in yemens political transition. A proper application of the arab springthe republic of yemen.
Libya, syria, and yemen in the context of the arab springs revolutions. Although similar impulses have instigated the uprisings a mix of a desire for political participation and a demand for economic. Instead of overhauling statesociety relations, the yemeni version of the arab spring is leading to more of the same. Yemens huthi movement in the wake of the arab spring. Yemen, alqaeda, and americas war in arabia unfinished revolutions. The countrys infrastructure has suffered significant damage, and the conflict has devolved into tribal warfare. Ibrahim fraihat offers a nuanced, rare and lucid perspective on the root causes and issues that precipitated to the arab spring. The year was 2011 and the days were revolutionarythe arab spring in full force.
Houthis, ali abdullah saleh, arab spring, iran, national dialogue conference. Apr 27, 2020 the modern yemeni state was formed in 1990 with the unification of the u. For several years, before the climactic events of 2011, egyptian youths had been demonstrating the usefulness of facebook, twitter and youtube as platforms for dissent and for organizing mass street actions. Tunisia, and yemen were among the least happy people in the world world bank, 2015. And the latest battle may cost the lives of hundreds of thousands of civilians, if not millions.
Yemens arab spring wounded demonstrators carried away during antisaleh protests in sanaa, september 2011 photo hh as in other countries, the arab spring in yemen is a direct corollary of the growing economic and political crisis, with events in tunisia and egypt serving as a source of inspiration and catalysis. After the wave of uprisings sweeping through the middle east reached the country in early 2011, the already high levels of instability and violence reached new heights and threatened to accelerate a steady march towards collapse. It is remarkably difficult to accurately explain the course of events in egypt, yemen, or libya without reference to. The common slogan of the protesters throughout arab spring was the people want to bring down the regime aissa, 2012. It will be some time before the dust settles and the new political shape of the region is known. The role of social media in the arab spring, a revolutionary wave of demonstrations and protests in the middle east and north africa between 2010 and 2012, remains a highly debated subject. In many ways the outcome of the arab spring is still in flux three years on. Jan 29, 2018 six years later, little remains of the hopes that the west saw in the arab spring. In february 2011, yemenis inspired by mass protests in tunisia and egypt began. Since protests began in yemen, the huthi positions have aligned with those of the revolutionary. Yemen s arab spring democratic opening or regime maintenance. In addition, the ongoing civil war in yemen can also be traced to the arab spring. In parallel to the arab spring, in 2012, the us and the european union imposed the most comprehensive international sanctions programme yet seen against iran. Pdf yemens revolt of 2011, like its counterparts in tunisia and egypt, raises many questions about recent analysis of authoritarianism in the.
Their survival rested on an authoritarian bargain or social contract, whereby the regime. While political turbulence continues unabated in tunisia and egypt the two countries where the arab spring started and a bloody civil war still rages unchecked in syria, the transition in yemen seems to have ground to a complete halt. Yemen arab spring libguides at university of illinois at urbana. Yemens arab spring wounded demonstrators carried away during antisaleh protests in sanaa, september 2011 photo hh as in other countries, the arab spring in yemen is a direct corollary of the growing economic and political crisis, with events in tunisia and egypt serving as. The arab winter is characterized by the emergence of multiple regional civil wars, mounting regional instability, economic and demographic decline of arab countries, and ethnoreligious sectarian strife. Article pdf available in mediterranean politics 172. Elite struggles, state collapse and regional security article pdf available in orbis 573. Vincent durac, university college dublin abstract yemens revolt of 2011, like its counterparts in tunisia and egypt, raises many questions about recent analysis of authoritarianism in the arab world. Instead, that spring has given way to a winter of economic stagnation and political violence that has plunged syria, libya and yemen into bloody civil war, has led to widespread unrest in egypt, iraq and bahrain, and threatens to destabilize arab governments from morocco to saudi arabia.
Yemens president ali abdullah saleh was the fourth arab leader to be forced from power. Pdf yemen, arab spring and an endless civil war reza. More importantly, he dissects the clan dynamic, the intricate social and political landscape in those countries, which easily informs readers to have a comprehensive picture. The situation began to change after world war ii, when, flush with vic. President salih built a complex system of patronage that integrated military, tribal, and business leaders and allowed him to govern through a combination of bargaining, cooptation, and. The public uprisings spreading like wildfire from tunisia to the persian gulf have been referred to collectively as the arab spring. Yemen, the poorest and most populous country on the arabian peninsula, has long been a prime candidate to join the failed state club. The longstanding regime of ali abdullah alsalih and. An anthropology of war and mediation water histories and spatial. Arab spring used their powers vehemently to crush the demonstrators and consequently the peaceful protesters also became violent.
Yemen this guide lists online and print sources for what has become known as the arab spring, the popular revolutionary wave in the middle east and north africa that started in december 2010. Jun 17, 2018 yemen s civil war is a stew of local and foreign interests, from washington, saudi arabia to iran. Financial pressures top every list of catalysts and causes of the arab spring, espeeially when cormption at the hands of the mling and social elite is added. Yemen s arab spring wounded demonstrators carried away during antisaleh protests in sanaa, september 2011 photo hh as in other countries, the arab spring in yemen is a direct corollary of the growing economic and political crisis, with events in tunisia and egypt serving as a source of inspiration and catalysis. A year into yemens wara humanitarian disaster on top of a humanitarian disaster yemens humanitarian situation is bad in march 2016, after nearly a year of war by the saudi coalition against shiite houthi rebels and forces of former president ali abdullah saleh. First, the study shows that it is possible to formulate a more detailed and accurate explanation of the civil wars through the usage of the three theories causal mechanisms. Since protests began in yemen, the huthi positions have aligned with those of the revolutionary continued. The economic consequences of the arab spring by mohsin khan atlantic council rafik hariri center for the middle east the popular uprisings that swept the middle east in early 2011 dramatically altered the political landscape of the region with the overthrow of autocratic regimes in egypt, libya, tunisia, and yemen. The arab spring that broke out in the middle east early last year became the favorite news story of the media and ignited the imagination of the public. Civil war and regional intervention congressional research service 1 recent developments after more than five years of conflict with yemeni rivals backed by saudi arabia and the united arab emirates, the northern yemenibased ansar allahhouthi movement referred to in this.
In its early phase, protests in yemen were initially against unemployment, economic conditions and corruption, as well as against. The group has responded to the arab spring and in particular to the slow, negotiated toppling of ali abdullah salih in yemen. The hopes and dreams of yemens youth have been crushed. A history of modern yemen download free epub, pdf yemens modern history is unique and deserves to be better understood.
According to scholars of the university of warsaw, the arab spring fully devolved into the arab winter four years after its onset, in 2014. Thi s researc h articl e attempts to scrutinize the nature and cause s of the ara b uprising s which too k people by surpris e globall y throughou t 2011 and int o 2012. An update on the war in yemen, the peace process, and the aftermath. These movements collectively came to be dubbed the arab spring, the arab revolution or the arab awakening souza and lipietz 2011. The popular political movement in the arab world, the socalled arab spring, which started in the. Yemen has the fourth lowest human development index ratings in the arab world after sudan, djibouti and mauritania. Six years later, little remains of the hopes that the west saw in the arab spring. President salih built a complex system of patronage that integrated military, tribal, and business leaders and allowed him to govern through a combination of bargaining, cooptation, and coercion. Yemen arab spring libguides at university of illinois. The arab spring underscored two major forces that are bringing change to the region. The conflict has its roots in the failure of a political transition supposed to bring stability to yemen following an arab spring uprising that forced its longtime authoritarian president, ali. With longstanding dictators overthrown in tunisia and egypt, many thought that. Demonstrations calling for the end of his 33year rule began in january 2011.